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Mdewakantonwan (currently pronounced ''Bdewákhathuŋwaŋ'', also ''M'DAY-wah-kahn-tahn'') are one of the sub-tribes of the Isanti (Santee) Dakota (Sioux). Their historic home is Mille Lacs Lake in central Minnesota, which in the Dakota language was called ''Mde wakan'' (mystic/spiritual lake). Together with the Wahpekute (''Waȟpékhute'' - “Shooters Among the Trees”), they form the so-called ''Upper Council'' of the Dakota or Santee Sioux (''Isáŋyáthi'' - “Knife Makers”). ==History== Their Siouan-speaking ancestors had migrated to the upper Midwest from the area of South Carolina in the present-day United States; colonists named the Santee River in present-day South Carolina after them.〔 Over the years they migrated up through present-day Ohio and into Wisconsin. Facing competition from the Chippewa and other eastern Native American tribes, the Santee moved further west into present-day Minnesota.〔 Originally the term ''Santee'' was applied only to the Mdewakanton and later the closely related and allied Wahpekute. (As it was a nomadic group, it was not identified by the suffixes of ''thuŋwaŋ'' - “settlers,” or ''towan'' - “village”).〔Jessica Dawn Palmer (2011), ''The Dakota Peoples: A History of the Dakota, Lakota and Nakota Through 1863'', McFarland & Co Inc; ISBN 978-0-7864-6621-4〕 Soon European settlers applied the name to all the tribes of the Eastern Dakota. In the fall of 1837, the Mdewakantonwan negotiated a lucrative deal with the US government under an "Indian Removal" treaty, whereby they were paid nearly one million dollars for the remainder of their lands in western Wisconsin. Because the Mdewakantonwan had earlier abandoned the lands due to intrusion by the Chippewa and various ecological reasons, and were effectively living in Minnesota, they effectively gained payment for land they no longer occupied.〔( James A. Clifton, "Wisconsin Death March: Explaining the Extremes in Old Northwest Indian Removal" ), in ''Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters'', 1987, 5:1-40, p. 3, accessed 3 Mar 2010〕 Seven Sioux tribes formed an alliance, which they called ''Oceti Sakowin'' or ''Očhéthi Šakówiŋ'' (“The Seven Council Fires”),〔(History of the Council Fires )〕 consisting of the four tribes of the Eastern Dakota, two tribes of the Western Dakota (erroneously classified, for a very long time, as "Nakota"),〔Jan Ullrich: ''New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton)'', S. 2, Lakota Language Consortium 2008, ISBN 0-9761082-9-1〕 as well as the largest group, the Lakota (often referred to as Teton, derived from ''Thítȟuŋwaŋ'' - “Dwellers of the Plains”). Tradition has it that the Mdewakanton were the leading tribe of ''Očhéthi Šakówiŋ.'' As a consequence of their defeat by the United States in the Dakota War of 1862 and heavy losses in warriors, they lost their leading position within the Council Fires to the more numerous and powerful Lakota. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mdewakanton」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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